Problems In A Product Life Cycle Environmental Sciences Essay

Global alteration has an impact on clime, demographical and socio-ecological alteration worldwide, and humanity has an influence on planetary alteration. As a consequence of natural catastrophes, eventually climate arguments came up which drew public attending. These arguments showed that something demands to be done. ( Tan, 2008 ) The industries can seek to bring forth environmentally friendly merchandises, extend the merchandise life rhythm, and make a solution for the end-of-life stage of a merchandise. This chapter demonstrates the job of the merchandise life rhythm and gives an penetration into the transmutation. The industrial revolution set up a additive theoretical account of material watercourses, a system that takes merchandises and throws them off. Toxic stuffs trickle into the nature systems. Furthermore, the waste burning locally generates energy, nevertheless, besides this much more energy is required for new stuff production. ( Hennings, et al. , 2008 ) The whole procedure is named an open-loop supply concatenation. By and large talking, it maps the way from the stuffs to the providers to the terminal consumer. There is no reversal rate from the consumer. There is no return of stuff. The company does non offer any return or recycling system. However, consumers use the merchandise and so at the terminal of the merchandise life rhythm, they throw it off. ( Lebreton, 2007 ) Another possibility is to donate the old apparels to charitable organisations which resell the old apparels to commercial retail merchants in the 3rd universe or in east Europe. In Germany the biggest fabric aggregation is â€Å" Deutsche Rote Kreuz † with 40,000 dozenss collected each twelvemonth. ( Weissinger, 1999 ) In Switzerland there are four large fabric aggregation houses: Texaid, Contex AG, Solitex and Satex. Texaid is the biggest 1 in Switzerland ; it recollects 17,000 dozenss of old fabrics per twelvemonth. The company ‘s grosss go to relief organisations. The gathered fabrics are classified in different quality categories and removed from waste. ( Truninger, 2005 ) The reselling of these apparels ignited a large treatment, as the pattern destroys local concerns which produce traditional apparels. The effects are that the local fabric industry nearby wholly collapsed, and reorganisation is non possible anymore. Some states have imposed import prohibitions. ( W eissinger, 1999 ) This complex job is good documented in the movie â€Å" oburoni wawu – dice Kleider der toten Weissen, † which deals with the inquiry of who needs old apparels and how the concern of old apparels works. The movie shows the way the old apparels take and what happens to them when they arrive in the preset state. ( Strobusch & A ; Terpinc, 1995 ) A farther option is the Climatex Lifecycle. This procedure is an innovation from the endeavor Rohner. Out of old fabrics, they produce felt, which is used to mulch and to cover the vegetable spot. As a consequence, the landfill is less to a great extent loaded and the old fabrics have a concluding responsibility. ( Weissinger, 1999 ) As it can be seen from the illustration of Rohner Textiles, end product went up 30 % and was accompanied by a drastic lessening in cost after they launched the new sustainability scheme. The Rohner illustration shows the positive consequence for a concern if they launch a closed-loop recycling scheme. ( IEHN, n.d. ) There is a new innovation to recycle polyester curtain. Teijin is a recycling company which specializes in polyester recycling. Today the company is a Recycling Network. Under the mark ‘ECOLOG, ‘ are all companies committed to bring forthing fabrics in mono-material polyester. ‘ECOLOG ‘ fabrics can be recycled easy, as there are no assorted fibres and it can be made easy into a new stuff. ( Outdoortrends, n.d. ) The last possibility in fabric recycling is down recycling. This procedure has been done for old ages now because the rate of return of polyester fabrics was really low. In this instance the recycling companies downcyceld the merchandises to knobs. ( Weissinger, 1999 ) To offer recycled merchandises and the usage of recycled stuffs is an environmentally friendly facet of assorted companies. Nowadays the positive environmental impact of merchandises gives a company a competitory border ; it is a must, non merely an option. Companies secure themselves a great hereafter with a strong sustainability scheme. The â€Å" C footmark † of companies is set to diminish, as they are under force per unit area from different stakeholders, like non-governmental organisations, consumers and authorities, to make so. This force per unit area on companies encourages them to cut down their C footmark with different commissariats like green merchandises, sustainable procedures and societal duty plans ( CSR ) . However, good communicating and labeling towards consumers is indispensable, to allow them cognize about the green attempts made by the company. ( Jo, 2010 )Focus on Outdoor IndustryHarmonizing to the study of Luscombe ( 2010 ) , 59 % of participants buy t he purchased point for functional usage and for general every twenty-four hours usage. Merely 3 % bargain it for mundane usage. There is a displacement from utilizing out-of-door merchandises in the athleticss sector towards mundane life usage. The study of EOG shows that quality has the highest impact on the purchasing determination, followed by the trade name name. The 3rd factor impacting the determination is the monetary value. This ranking is for Germany. In Switzerland, the ranking is similar. Quality is the victor, followed by comfort, so the proficient characteristics, and last is the monetary value. Recyclability of the merchandise influences the purchasing determination for 62 % of Germans ; whereas merely 60 % of people are interested in purchasing merchandises made of recycled stuff. In the Swiss study, 67 % are influenced by the recyclability of the merchandise in the purchasing determination and 64 % bargain recycled stuff. ( Luscombe, 2010 ) Nowadays, there is a broad scope of reclaimable stuff. It is possible to recycle polyester, polymeric amide and polyurethane. There are two different recycling methods: stuff recycling and chemical recycling. The undermentioned four possibilities are often used in the industry. ( ISOPA, 2001 ) PET-Recycling ( Material recycling ) PET-Recycling became more widespread, as the environmental considerations gain importance. PET bottles have a really short life rhythm, and moreover they are made of rough oil, which causes environmental jobs, as most PET bottles are destined for landfills. As a consequence, a recycling procedure to recycle the valuable primary resources is a perfect thought. The recycling procedure is non really hard with PET bottles. The stuff to be recycled is ‘polyethylene terephthalate ‘ . ( Evans, 2010 ) A short recycling procedure description: Colored bottles need to be sorted out. Just crystalline bottles can be used for this procedure. The selected PET bottles have to be cleaned and dried and crushed. These crushed pieces will be heated. Through this warming procedure, the crushed pieces are melted and a crimping machine gives the ensuing polyester narrations their texture. The polyester narrations need to dried. The quality control has to be passed. ( Evans, 2010 ) This procedure can be performed one time. If there is a jacket made out of this PET recycled narration, the used jacket, which is non functional any longer, ends in a landfill. Nevertheless, some natural stuff has already been saved thanks to PET recycling. In the following paragraph are some illustrations about the measure of PET bottles needed to do certain points. ( Heimann, 2010 ) â€Å" With 20 PET bottles, a ski jacket can be produced. A jumper needs about 63 PET bottles and a sleeping bag is made of 83 PET bottles. † These are facts found on the bright hub home page ( Evans, 2010 ) . There is besides a negative facet to PET recycling. Since PET can merely be recycled one time, 360A ° recycling is non possible. On the other manus, PET recycling is cheaper than polyester recycling, which is explained in the following point. ( Heimann, 2010 ) Polyester Recycling ( chemical recycling ) A Nipponese company has developed the first polyester recycling system named ECO CIRCLE. This is a closed-loop recycling for polyester points. Old polyester merchandises, which are made out of 100 % polyester, can be chemically converted into new polyester natural stuff. ( Teijin, 2009 ) Products which are reclaimable in this manner have the undermentioned label on them: Figure 6: ECO CIRCLE Logo ( Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ecocircle.jp/en/index.htm ) Fleece coats are easy to recycle as they are 100 % polyester. Other coats are frequently a combination of different stuffs. The status for recycling is that the merchandise has 100 % screening truth. The polyester recycling procedure is similar to PET-recycling, but there are some differences as this is a type of chemical recycling. Collected polyester merchandises are broken down into little pieces. Granulated stuff is made. The colouring is removed from the pellets. This procedure requires high energy and important clip. Through chemical intervention, new polyester natural stuff is created. New â€Å" Eco Circle † fibres are created to bring forth reclaimable merchandises. ( Teijin-Fibers, n.d. ) There are different merchandises made by this closed-loop recycling procedure: underwear, T-shirts, jackets, baseball mitts and so on. Swany produced the first closed-loop reclaimable baseball mitt. The list would ne'er stop, as there is an limitless possibility to bring forth pro-ducts with 100 % polyester. ( Teijin, 2009 ) This procedure is criticized, as the fibres are produced utilizing crude oil. Critics say that these fibres should non be produced any longer given the turning trouble with crude oil supplies. However the outdoor industry is acute on utilizing polyester fibres, as this fabric is high quality and stopping points long clip. Figure 7: CO2 Reduction There is less ecological harm with this recycling procedure than with the production of new fibres, as per an analysis conducted by the Suedwind Institute ( n. d. ) . This fact is besides apparent in this Figures 10. 77 % less CO2 is released utilizing the recycling procedure than is released bring forthing new natural stuff from crude oil. ( Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.patagonia.com/pdf/en_US/common_threads_whitepaper.pdf ) This closed-loop polyester recycling reduces the dependence on rough oil, produces less pollution as there is less godforsaken burning and progresses the reuse of old polyester apparels. ( Patagonia, 2009 ) Nylon/Polyamide Recycling ( chemical recycling ) Old fishing cyberspace and rugs can be used for nylon recycling. This recycling procedure is similar to the polyester recycling, but polyamide recycling is more cost- and time-intensive, as the procedure is more sophisticated. The recycled narrations are largely, but non wholly, used for back packs or for bags. The quality is non affected by the recycling procedure. ( Klattermusen, n.d ) The statute law in some states will perchance forbid the disposal of rugs in landfills. With this action, the client will be forced to recycle old rug, but this statute law has non yet passed. However there is a committedness by different companies which supply industrial rugs to take part in a nylon recycling plan. Furthermore there are different roll uping points for old rug in each state. ( Greener-Industry, n.d. ) There are some illustrations of companies which already offer a recycling plan: Klattermusen Since March 2009 Klattermusen offers a new recycling and recovery system, â€Å" rECOver. † Each point which is reclaimable has a sedimentation of one, five, 10 or 20 Euros. If the client brings these merchandises back to the shop, they get the sedimentation back. Each merchandise has an note of the sum of the sedimentation. Another portion of the plan is that used and patched merchandises are donated to a public trust. This recycling plan consists of the following reclaimable stuffs: nylon, polyester, polypropene and metal. It is one of the lone outdoor companies which recycles nylon and polypropene, as it is hard to retrieve these two substances and every bit good as dearly-won. ( Klattermusen, n.d. ) Goretex In 1993 Gore launched a undertaking named â€Å" Gore Balance Project, † which received the European Outdoor Award for Innovation. It was the first possibility to recycle in the dress industry. The purpose of this plan was to recycle fabric laminate, but the clients were non ready at that clip to take part in the undertaking. As a consequence of the low engagement degrees, Gore had to halt this recycling undertaking. Gore company coined the term â€Å" balanced-project. † Old Goretex-coats will be deconstructed into their belongingss and reused. ( Gore, 2007 ) VAUDE /Sympatex This company is a rival to Goretex. They invented a 100 % reclaimable membrane which is made of O, C and H. These constituents are easy reclaimable, like PET bottles. Additionally there is no fluorcarbon used, and they have the bluesign standard enfranchisement. The bluesign strandard will be explained in Chapter 3.5.2. VAUDE is the official spouse of Sympatex. They produced a new out-of-door aggregation under the slogan â€Å" Reduce, Re-use, Recycle. † The aggregation is high quality, therefore long-lasting, and it made of 100 % reclaimable polyester. Fjallraven In 2012 the first reclaimable coats will be sold. ( Fjalleraven, 2010 ) The company has three different constituents in their recycling plan, â€Å" ECOSHELL. † First, fluorocarbon is non used any longer in the coats. This chemical substance was used in the membrane for impregnation. It is a really effectual substance, but on the other manus it has several negative effects. One point is the substance is found in the nutrient concatenation, secondly, the decomposition clip is over 30 old ages and last but non least it is really hard to recycle. That ‘s why they now use a new substance which is natural. It is a new process invented by Rudolfgroup. The name of the new substance is BIONIC. Second the company is cognizant of the planetary heating, which is besides affected through the recycling plan. â€Å" That ‘s why they support an environmentally friendly aureate criterion undertaking, they have non-polluting energy production every bit good they cut down the depen dence on fossil fuels † ( Fjalleraven, n. d. ) . Last but non least, they employ the â€Å" Eco Circle † recycling system for polyester. The combination of all three points are indispensable to the company, as all influence the environment. ( Fjalleraven, n. vitamin D. ) Figure 8: Recycling Program of Patagonia Patagonia Inc. ( Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.patagonia.com/web/eu/popup/common_threads/index.jsp ) In 1993 Patagonia produced SynchillaA ® jackets from sodium carbonate bottles. In 2005 the â€Å" Common Threads Garment Recycling Program † was launched. This take-back plan collects old polyester merchandises to recycle into new narration. Customers have two different possibilities to take part in the recycling plan of Patagonia. One would be to return the points to the shop – frequently they have a box there – and the 2nd possibility is to direct it straight by station to Patagonia. They collect all the garments and direct them by ship to Japan, where the recycling procedure happens. ( Patagonia, n. d. ) â€Å" Wear it out ; drop it off ; we recycle it ; it lives onaˆÂ ¦ † is the claim of Patagonia ‘s recycling system, as it can be seen in Figure 11.Recycling CompaniesTeijin The whole company has different sections. The biggest portion is the scope of man-made fibres. Teijin is the lone company that provides a recycling plan in polyester. These recycled polyester fibres can be used for fabrics in the car, outdoor and dress industries. â€Å" Eco Circle † was launched in 2002. This recycling plan is environmentally friendly. Nowadays 200 companies are involved in â€Å" Eco Circle. † The tendency is that different states such as the U.S. , China, Europe and Japan have a higher environmental consciousness than all immature clients, which increases the reclaimable market. ( Shrestha, 2009 ) Polartec This company produces utmost conditions protection fabrics, insularity beds and lightweight wicking base beds. Polartec is used in many countries, like the Marine Corps, Navy, Army and Air Force, every bit good as in the out-of-door industry. Thankss to coaction with companies which offer recycled narration, the recycled merchandise line has risen from less than 1 % to over 30 % in over four old ages. This fact leads besides to a decrease in emanation and energy ingestion. Since 2010 they have partnered with Unifi, as they produce ‘Repreve ‘ narration which is made out of recycled PET bottles. Polartec is confident that with this partnership the recycled merchandise line will turn steadily. ( Polartec, 2010 ) Unifi It is a company which produces multi-filament polyester and nylon textured narrations. These man-made fibres are non merely produced from natural stuff but besides from PET. This fibre is on the market with the name ‘Repreve. ‘ They produce polyester fibres every bit good as nylon fibres. The nylon fibres are made out of consumer fibre waste, whereas the polyester fibres are made out of both consumer fibre waste and consumer plastic waste like PET-bottles. In a lb of ‘Repreve ‘ narration, there are 27 processed PET bottles. These sustainable and recycled fibres are chiefly used by the dress industry, but they are besides used in the furniture and auto industries. A partnership between Polartec and Unifi shows the tendency in the outdoor industry to utilize ecological narration. ( Repreve, 2008 )Recycling Ecologically Worthwhile?The contention environing recycling is large. On the cyberspace there are different forums where this issue is being discussed. In thi s chapter merely some statements out of assorted web logs, web sites and interviews held at the OutDoor Freidrichshafen will be highlighted. Maverick ( n.d. ) is convinced that presents planetary heating, natural instability and H2O deficits are scare tactics. This fact, that the universe is stoping, needs to be stopped, through recycling. This is a crutch, because people who recylcle believe they are profiting the environment, but the recycling procedure itself consumes a batch of energy and causes sometimes more pollution than natural stuffs, harmonizing to Maverick. Maverick ( n.d. ) describes the crutch as follows: â€Å" In a mode similar to medieval Christians purchasing indulgences from priests to be forgiven for their wickednesss without really making anything, recycling may be something we believe to be right and effectual merely because we ‘ve been told it is. † The consequence should be, that people reuse merchandises and alter their consumer behaviour. ( Maverick, n.d. ) Furthermore, a web log from May ( 2007 ) describes the PET recycling as an unuseful pattern. First of wholly, a batch of C is emitted anyhow, as the bottles need to be shipped to China and the new apparels back. Second the apparels made out of the old PET bottels are non recycable any longer and will stop in a landfill. The apparels are at that place for over 24,000 old ages until they are smoldered. About the transportation cost, Heimann ( personal communicating, July 17, 2010 ) comments that presents, Europeans are so addicted to Asia and to America, that the ships are geting anyhow. These ships have to return to the state of beginning, and it makes no pots to make so without lading. ( Heimann, 2010 ) The company Teijin conducted a research survey about the energy ingestion in a closed-loop recycling system with polyester. The consequence indicates that with the resources saved, energy and CO2 emanation is besides reduced. This computation is made by mensurating the CO2 emanation and energy needed for the recycling procedure, every bit good as that emitted and needed by the production with natural stuffs. To have new polyester, rough oil is needed. To bore rough oil, far more energy is needed than the sum recycling requires. The consequences are shown in the figures below. Figure 9: Decrease of CO2 Emission thanks to Recycling ( Beginning: Leaflet Teijin, Japan † ECOCIRCLE † ) The laminitis of the â€Å" Red, White and Green † Blog, Jennifer Grayson, is convinced about the positive facets of the recycling procedure. In 2005, recycling saved an one-year norm usage of energy of 9 million families. This has a direct impact on planetary heating. There is another positive point which concerns employment. The recycling and remanufacturing sectors account for about one million occupations. ( Grayson, 2009 ) The outdoor industry has been criticized for the environmental harm the concern causes, every bit good as for the bad on the job conditions. However the industry has made an attempt to antagonize these negative facets by cut downing their C footmark and by using societal policies every bit good as back uping environmentally friendly undertakings. Some illustrations of eco-conscious methods to accomplish betterment are shown. ( Jo, 2010 ) 1. CSR Corporate societal duty ( CSR ) is an of import manner for a company to demo its duty towards the societal and ecological environment. A competitory border is received by utilizing CSR as a scheme to separate between trade names. ( Jo, 2010 ) 2. Life Cycle Analysis The entire impact on environment has to be understood if the company is interested in bring forthing green merchandises. This impact can be analyzed thanks to the cost construction. This is possible through analysing the life rhythm of a merchandise. All has to be considered, the natural stuff, fabrication, the distribution, every bit good as the usage of the merchandise and last but non least, its disposal. With each measure of the procedure, costs are associated. ( Ciambrone, 1997 ) A cost illustration is shown by Ciambrone ( 1997, pp.1 ) : Design costs Stocking/handling costs User/operating costs Disposal costs Fabrication costs Shipping/transportation costs Reuse/recycle costs Compliance/licensing costs Reducing the cost besides reduces the environmental impact. A company should seek to cut down the life rhythm costs of their merchandises. ( Ciambrone, 1997 ) 3. Ecological Footprint It is a mensurating tool to sort merchandises and services, a company, an organisation, industry sectors, single life styles, vicinities, metropoliss, parts or states. In an LCA, the ecological footmark is ever calculated. What impact a merchandise or a company has on the environment and on the society will be measured. An analysis of the merchandise or the company will be done. There are different standards, such as recyclability, emanation used to bring forth the merchandise and resources used. All factors are evaluated and a computation shows the consequence. The thought behind this is that clients have the possibility to compare the merchandises or companies based on their environmental friendliness. ( Global-Footprint-Network, 2010 ) Goverments and consumers play a active function in forcing frontward the demand for an ecological footmark. ( Jo, 2010 ) 4. Bluesign Certificate To cut down the environmental footmark of the fabric industry, the bluesign criterion was created. Each fabric and yarn maker can use for the certification, but to measure up, it needs to run into the high criterion defined by bluesign. Each company is analyzed exactly. The points evaluated by bluesign ( 2010 ) are the undermentioned: Resources productiveness Consumerism Sewage H2O Discharged air Job safety ( p. 24 ) Retailers and clients can acquire a good orientation about assorted companies thanks to this alone criterion from bluesign. ( bluesign, 2010 ) In the hereafter, companies have to take the duty for cut downing their C footmark. Additionally if the credibleness has to be steady, companies have to be crystalline with their sustainability steps. ( Jo, 2010 )DrumheadFrom the recycling position, a rethinking is besides taking topographic point. Closed-loop supply concatenation are needed in all industries. The open-loop supply concatenation does non hold a long life any longer. The best scenario would be if merchandises are used and reused until the merchandise loses its map, at which point it should be recycled. This manner, the merchandise does non complete as waste at the end-of-life stage but has a possibility to last in another merchandise ( downcycling ) or as the same merchandise ( upcycling ) . These procedures help to protect the environment.

Compare Glory Glory Be to Chocolate

Compare and analyse ‘Glory Glory Be to Chocolate’ and ‘The Butcher’s Shop’ and how they represent the ideas/attitudes/feelings about food. In ‘Glory Glory Be to Chocolate’, John Agard emphasises the marvellous and remarkable feelings the author has towards chocolate. He exaggerates his attitudes on how he feels food should be spoken about, as he constantly repeats religious references such as ‘manifestations’. Using the lexis from the semantic field of religion is useful for the author to strain his response on how chocolate tastes so good.The lexis ‘manifestations’ is a metaphor in the text that portrays that the chocolate has embodied god, showing the Agard’s feelings that chocolate is that powerful to him. Also he wants to share it with the audience by using influential words to hypnotise the reader by appealing to their senses. For example in the citation ‘mouth-watering bars†¦ that ring the tastebud bells’, Agard lures human senses into making them create an image of the ‘butterscotch and caramel’ chocolate that seems so pleasurable, which is one of the aims of John Agard’s; to make people want to appreciate food like he does.However, ‘The Butcher’s Shop’ gives a very negative perspective towards food as Angela Topping uses negative connotations to reveal her ideas and attitudes towards food. Topping explains the darkness in the butcher shop, making the reader imagine them being in the butcher shop witnessing the killing of the innocent animals. The events of the butcher shop illustrate the horrifying truth of what happens to animals instead of the fake stories that children are told in books.Throughout the poem, the author constantly uses a political under tones to give her opinion on the political party which she disagrees with, such as ‘their porky heads voting Tory all their lives their blue rosettes discarded n ow. ’ Topping uses the lexis ‘Tory’ in a negative way, as she tries to give her own opinion on the party, as she is anti tory and is saying the butcher is Tory and doesn’t want change. The butcher doesn’t want change as he likes the way things are going and that animals are killed for slaughter, which makes the readers put the Tory party in a scandalous light.Furthermore, the ‘blue rosettes’ symbolise the Tory party which mainly consist of upper class people but also are the colour rosettes that are given to the best animals at competitions, which is ironic as the animals that get murdered are not actually winners in the end, and their rosettes mean nothing now. At the end of the poem ‘Glory Glory Be to Chocolate’, the last line is on its own stanza, to emphasise the importance of the sentence. By making it significant, Agard asks the audience a simple rhetorical question; ‘the makes every mouth a god? She uses the st raightforward lexis’ to question their views on if they think chocolate is ‘god-like’ which can create highly debatable conversations between people reading the poem. The use of the grammar also sums up the poem and gives the reader a clear choice as to whether they agree with his opinions of chocolate or disagree. By having ‘mouth a god’ in the sentence is a very strong term to have as it can create religious disagreements as some religions have more than one god and could create tension between some readers.In ‘The Butcher’s Shop’, the poem doesn’t flow like ‘Glory Glory Be to Chocolate’ as it has abrupt feel to it throughout the novel with many sentences stopping halfway through and carrying on the next line. Topping uses enjambment through the poem to portray the continuous killings of the animals, and that meat is never ending no matter how much people protest against the butchery and consumption of meat. This is shown in the citation ‘open-mouthed dignified in martyrs’ death.They hang stiff as Sunday manners. ’ In the poem, the stanzas are presented in different lengths, which could represent the different pigs hanging in the butchers shop. Plus, using the adjective ‘dignified’ is described in a sarcastic manner as the poet is saying the pigs are being killed for the greater good and using the term ‘Sunday manner’s exposes that its normal for people to have meat when having the traditional British Sunday dinner and that’s what the animals are killed for.In conclusion, ‘Glory Glory Be to Chocolate’ uses religious references to portray Agards true passion towards chocolate and uses language devices to underline the prominence positive attitude food gives. While ‘The Butcher’s Shop’ gives a cruel feeling towards food, as Topping uses child imagery to demonstrate that there is no innocence in the butch ery and that children’s stories are merely lies as to what happens to animals.

Sygate Technologies Inc.

Sygate2. Headquarters overhead cost allocation at Korea auto insurance Tasks: a) What would be the net income of the Taejon branch as of 2007 and 2008 if the headquarters' overhead costs were allocated by the current method? Calculate the amounts of revenue, and direct and indirect costs of the Taejon branch for these two years. b) The current overhead cost driver, branch revenues, is criticized because it lacks any logical relationship to the overhead costs allocated by headquarters. Choose more appropriate cost drivers for the 17 overhead costs listed in the case Exhibit 3.You may refer to descriptions of the 17 overhead costs incurred by the five teams at the headquarters. c) Using your cost drivers from (2) above, compute the net income of the Taejon branch as of 2007 and 2008. Compare your answer to the amount from (1). Do you agree that Kim's performance in 2008 would now be evaluated more properly? Why or why not? d) Which cost drivers make the biggest differences between the net incomes of? Do these cost drivers have anything to do with Kim's effort in 2008? e) The ABC method matches specific reasonable cost drivers with corresponding overhead costs.Discuss why the ABC method would reward a manager with higher motivation in a competitive market. Also, discuss the shortcomings of the ABC method at the level of the entire organization. 3. Dakota Office products Tasks: a) Why was Dakota's existing pricing system inadequate for its current operating environment? b) Develop an activity-based cost system for Dakota based on year 2000 data. Calculate the activity cost-driver rate for each activity in 2000. c) Using your answers in b), calculate the profitability of Customer A and Customer B. d) What explains any difference in profitability between the two customers? ) What are the limitations, if any, to the estimates of the profitability of the two customers? f) Is there any additional information you would like to explain the relative profitability of the tw o customers? g) Assume that Dakota applies the analysis done in question c) to its entire customer base. How could such information help the Dakota managers increase company profits? h) Suppose that a major customer switched from placing all its orders manually to placing all its orders over the internet site. How should this affect the activity cost driver rates calculated in question b)? How would the switch affect Dakota's profitability?

Observation #7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Observation #7 - Essay Example They were discussing new trends in hairstyles and makeup. I could sense that they were very formal with each other, as their gestures were showing. Their language was also very formal. They greeted each other with â€Å"Good day!† and departed with â€Å"Have a nice day!† kind of statements. I heard the conversation closely, and I did not hear even one slang or abusive word. I guessed that they were meeting for the first time, and that is why there were being so formal. 3. I observed a male and a female in the school setting of my younger brother. The male was a child’s father, and the female was the teacher. The man was complaining about her child’s progress, and was blaming the teacher for not paying attention. I could hear phrases like â€Å"You people don’t care†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , and â€Å"Is this your system?† The teacher was being apologetic, and was convincing the man that they were not at fault. I could sense this as I heard phrases like â€Å"Look Sir!† and â€Å"With due respect†¦Ã¢â‚¬  etc. The man’s language was aggressive; while, the teacher’s language was

Six thousand women missing in top management job, does it matter Essay

Six thousand women missing in top management job, does it matter - Essay Example Burke and Vinnicombe (2006) contend that aging workforce and fewer new entrants has resulted in shortage of qualified leaders, forcing organizations to utilize and develop talents all of its employees. Under the circumstances they cannot afford to artificially limit the career possibilities of women. This itself implies that women are capable but are being denied the opportunities. Management diversity is defined as the proportion of women among the highest-ranking CEOs in firms and on boards of directors (Smith, Smith & Verner, 2006). Female managers are supposed to be best qualified in terms of education for top management posts and to be on the board of directors. Since experiences of women differ from that of men, a diverse board has more alternatives to choose from while taking decision. Women have a better understanding of certain segments and this could lend creativity and innovation to the work place. Women on board of directors have positive impact on firm performance which is the reason why it matters if six thousand women are missing in top management job. Even BBC who claims to be equal opportunity employers has only 10% of their senior staff as female. Despite women making advancements, the ‘glass ceiling’ effect still remains even though they have the desire to progress and posses the necessary educational qualifications (Cornelius & Skinner, 2006). Women have been found to be deficient in the management role and employers feel they should be able to make work their top priority without allowing emotions to interfere. There are other suggestions that women differ from men in their aspirations and expectations in career; they also differ in the definition of success. Some researchers observe that women change their life choices after reaching middle management level. These observations basically stem from men and employers as a means to discourage women from aspiring for the senior level management positions. The HRM

Belbin Team Role Theory Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Belbin Team Role Theory - Assignment Example Coordination and cooperation of team members are essential for the success of teamwork. In a team, all the members work in a supportive environment. Each member of the team is just like a link in a chain. The chain can be broken even if only one link of the chain became weak. Same way, the weak performance of even a single team member may destroy the entire goals of the team. In order to prevent that all the team members will take more care in helping each other and the weak links in teams need particular attention from others. A team leader should coordinate the team functions and he should be able to identify the weak links in the team and should take remedial actions to strengthen that link. In a team, different people may have different roles. Specialists, shapers, team workers, completers/finishers, implementers, resource investigators, coordinators, evaluators, planters etc are most common in all the teams (Belbin team role theory). Consider the construction of a building. Engineers, architects, masons etc are the specialists in this construction team. Shapers, in this case, are the construction managers who streamline the construction work in the right track.  

Anthropology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Anthropology - Essay Example The investigation of any culture must be implemented carefully and without any preferences in order to define the most important peculiarities of each of them. Traditionally, cultural relativity used double hypothetical method called historical particularism. The term implies that any culture must be studied deeply. This inference is very important not only for anthropology but also for other sciences (Zechenter, 1997). The strong point of  cultural  relativity is that it lets people stick to their ethical principles without being judged by other communities, which have other principles. If people deny this method, they will appear in difficult situation: if they have constant unchanging moral rules, they criticize the communities with other values and maybe even try to make them adapt the moral rules of other community. That will make cross-cultural relations difficult (Zechenter, 1997). Cultural  relativity provides the opportunity to avoid this complexity. According to it, the ethical code of one group of people can be applicable only to their community, that’s why the communities can’t impose their moral standards upon each other. Really, every society has its own values which should be respected by peoples from other cultures (Flew, 1968). When a person comes to another country, he should respect the moral principles existing in this society, but it does not mean that he must adopt them. Every culture has its ethical values which are worth-studying and must be respected by other cultures in certain times (Zechenter, 1997). For example, for our society equal opportunities at work are an ethical requirement, however it is improper in other countries. In the times when patience is considered to be the most essential this can be called a good arrangement (Zechenter, 1997). Nevertheless, the abovementioned point of  cultural  relativity represents also

Starbucks' Strategy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Starbucks' Strategy - Research Paper Example Starbucks Coffee Company ensures creativity and innovation. Products provided here are customers oriented and designed to meet the needs of the customers in the best way possible. Use of the available digital technology is an important aspect of innovation that is used to fulfill the wants of the customers. The managers of Starbucks ensure that the activities at the company are outcome oriented. The company has a high profile that has to be maintained in the global economy. Therefore, all its initiatives ought to be outcome oriented. Starbucks Company encourages teamwork among the employees so that they can achieve better results. Working as a team makes the outcome more efficient than working on an individual basis. The achievements made by the company are therefore influenced by the good management skills. Starbucks management strategies have contributed to the position it is in today. Innovation is one of the main contributors of the company’s success. The Coffee Company was opened in 1971 and has shown tremendous improvement over the years. This is due to the great innovative ideas that have prevailed in the company. Howard Schultz was a great innovator who owned the company personally and ensured that the products were designed to suit the customers. Through good customer service and addressing the real need of the customers, the company has been able to maintain its customers (Noe 2012). Another innovative strategy used by Starbucks is to ensure that the employees of the company have the scientific knowledge of the products they produce. This is different as in other coffeehouse employees tend to apply individual improvisation in the way of serving coffee. Through this, they are able to maintain both local and international customers. A manager at Starbuck is supposed to be innovative in order to maintain the good

The Current Citibank Status Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Current Citibank Status - Essay Example One day the Dow Jones is up, the next day it plunges down. Those who are holding out for economic stability seem to be optimistic that the highly controversial and recent national cash infusion of $3.5 trillion approved by Congress is going to put at least a mild set of spare brakes on the ride. Its primary purpose is to move working people in to more updated and viable industries based on changes in today's world; and hopefully, to get them spending and borrowing again. The government is also underwriting the virtual flotation devices for lending money to cash-strapped small businesses until a stalled economy can get moving. The only remaining question is in whether or not the average consumer is going to risk borrowing (or spending freely) in order to restart the flow once a checked economy makes its next move. What was "up slightly" on March 31 became a "multi-year low" on April 1. The high road seems to be a willingness to take the middle ground approach and state that consumer confidence is "relatively pessimistic," according to Scott Andron of the Miami Herald.[1] Most important in the consideration are the investors, national and global individuals and smaller corporate conglomerates who put up the money that underwrites the tangible assets so that loans can be withdrawn and used to sustain the economy. Without them, no one wins. U.S. officials have pressed their European counterparts to spend substantially more public money in an attempt to revive economic growth and global trade. Some countries, led by Germany, have strongly resisted, predicting that such a path could lead to unsustainable debts and runaway inflation. Luxembourg's prime minister, Jean-Claude Juncker, who heads a coordinating body of countries that use the euro currency, said European countries had already spent enough to jumpstart their economies. "The European stimulus plans are muscular, they are demanding, they are important in volume and in quality," Juncker said Wednesday in an interview with France's Europe 1 Radio. He said there was "no question" that the European Union would reject requests from Obama to spend more.[2] As recently as March of 2009, Citibank began to predict its own demise.[3] Michael Shedlock, a registered Investment Adviser for SitkaPacific stated [paraphrased] "Citigroup is essentially telling investors to bet against thema whole slew of financial stocks have been smashed to smithereens."[4] It is hard news to bear for a company that was once considered eternally solvent, particularly with all of the assets (and debts) that it acquired

The Evolution of Today's Modern Airport Research Paper

The Evolution of Today's Modern Airport - Research Paper Example The parameters that will be used in the assessment include the total number of operating airports at today’s date, the role of technology in the operating systems and how accidents play a role in limiting the efficiency of airport authorities or the concerned people involved in the operation of running airlines. The project will include charts and tables to demonstrate the evolution of airports. The project will also take into account how airports might evolve in the future times as well as decrease the level of risks associated with air travel. The two persons who earn all credits in developing the first airplane are Wright Brothers. From the first success the brothers focused to develop a method of pilot control. They emphasized that this would act as the key in order to solve the problems relating to flying. They started to experiment on developing powerful engines. With the help of the wind tunnel they developed designs on wings and propellers that were much more efficient than before. The pavement of runways is prepared in such a way so that can maintain maximum friction for the wheels. The surface of the pavements arte usually grooved so that the water flows into the grooves but the peaks between the grooves will still touch the tires of the airplanes. The regulation of air traffic so as to avoid exceeding traffic and maximum utilization of the available space is regarded as Air Traffic flow Management. The project will demonstrate critical thinking by describing how airport evolution could theoretically unfold in the future. One of the constraints that the runway faces is that only one airplane can utilize the space at the same time. Therefore it is of utmost necessity to utilize the runway effectively so as to ensure that optimal utilization of service is provided to the travelers. The effective operation of the Air Flow Traffic management will avoid collisions and can safely handle maximum airplanes at a certain

A Proposed Health Promotion Campaign Against Obesity Assignment

A Proposed Health Promotion Campaign Against Obesity - Assignment Example The factors of the accessibility of junk foods and the trend of â€Å"supersizing† meals, not to mention the availability of high caloric foods of low nutritional value but are highly appealing to children because of its rich taste are mainly responsible for them getting less physically fit (Buchholz, 2005). Also, the environmental progress of eradicating some parks and natural playgrounds for children to build buildings for industry and residences may not benefit the physical health of children due to the fact that they have less access to locations where they can expend their excess physical energy (Frieden, Galvez. & Landrigan, 2003). However, the most common cause of the decrease in physical activity of children is that technology has made it easier to fall into a sedentary life. Children are more than adequately entertained by the multitude of choices on television shows, internet sites, computer games, etc. Nowadays, most children are homebound, engrossed in computer games, watching videos, surfing the web for hours, etc. Children find less need to play outside because there are a lot of available conveniences and entertainment indoors for them. Hence, playing games, running around, climbing trees, bicycling, etc. are slowly becoming activities of the past. Physical exercise for these children is not given much priority anymore. Many parents enroll their children in dance classes, sports, etc. just for them to have physical activity. Obesity in children has been on the rise and one factor is lack of physical activity. Experts agree that the combination of the availability of energy-dense processed foods and lack of physical activity may be the culprit of obesity. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) provide data that suggest that the number of children attending daily physical education classes declined from 18.3% in 1995 to 12% in 2001.

General Psychology and the Study of Human Behavior Essay Example for Free

General Psychology and the Study of Human Behavior Essay Psychology is the study of the human behavior especially how the mind of the human beings works. For many years, the behavior of human beings has been studied by very many scholars and they have come up with very many reasons as to why people behave in such a manner. However, as a student my main ambition is to become a drug and alcohol counselor. Therefore, this class of general psychology has helped me in building my career very much due to the course content value. Variation is one of the most obvious characteristics of human behavior. An individual’s every day life is marked by an expansive fluctuation in almost every aspect of behavior such as the intelligence he exudes, the speed with which he moves, his expression of emotions, goals he pursues, humor, energy, anxiety, shyness, among others. Even the most intelligent of human individuals have ordinary thoughts most of the time as they too are confronted with the normal activities like choosing the right mode of dressing, brushing in the morning and carrying out normal transactions. There is sufficient evidence towards the fact that one of the most striking features of a child’s behavior is its dynamic aspect of the stream of behavior recorded continuously (Barker, 1968). Any individual with no knowledge of psychology comprehend this dimension of human variation from their observation and experience. However, this is not prominent in scientific psychology. The concern of scientific psychology is another dimension of behavior variability with emphasis on individual differences. This is a major step in psychology that despite the variations that occur within every individual’s behavior, the methods for measuring and identifying individual behavior constants have been devised. Scientific psychology’s concern is with the varied number of constants measured and how they relate with each other. There is however a difficulty in achieving a stable behavior measurement. For the stability of behavior measurement to be achieved, their must be an imposition of stable measurement upon the individual, land the same conditions must be reintroduced every time the measurement is being repeated. The employment of this method offers measures of individual constancies under certain conditions but terminates individual variations under varied conditions thereby destroying the such contexts of behavior that occur naturally. This problem is not however unique to psychology. A beam’s strength can be measured under given specific conditions and under this very condition each time the measurement is being carried out. However, depending on the structural context, a beam possesses many strengths. This is also true for the meaning of words since words too have a range of meaning, the actual one being determined by the context in which it has been used. With this regard, an individual is like a beam or a word, possessing many strengths, intelligences, moralities, speeds and social maturities. However, it is clear where this intra-individual behavior variation comes from. An individual’s behavior is both internally and externally connected, though in a very complicated way. The internal parts of an individual such as the neurons, hormones or muscles and the external context such as the class, field or the game he is playing has a complex connection. The psychological individual who reads a book, plays some game and walks on some road poses as an identifiable entity between the interior parts and the exterior contexts that are unstable, being linked to both the entities, yet profoundly separated from them. This separation emerges from the fact that the internal parts and the external contexts of an individual involves an entity that functions according to laws that are not the same as those that govern his behavior (Cromwell-Davis, 2008). Such things like the actions of the brain, contraction of muscles and the concentration of hormones are not psychological phenomena. With the current state of understanding, the operation of such phenomena involve laws that are not compatible with that of psychology. The same applies to the environment with which an individual operates. The school or class where an individual is a student, the library he studies and the road he walks operates according to laws that are foreign with regard to that govern his behavior as an individual. The external context involves what has been referred to as the molar ecological environment which includes those phenomena that occurs naturally outside an individuals skin with which his molar actions are incorporated but operate according to laws that are incompatible with those laws that dictates his molar behavior (Baker, 1965). There is a difference between the psychological and ecological environment. One of the interesting aspects of human behavior is the course it takes when different variables are introduced within the environment. In the study below, behavior of individual was observed with regard to the distance between them and other human subjects. Theory Statement An individual’s mode of behavior is dictated by the distance between him and other subjects. According to Adam Kendon, every human behavior is located (Kendon 1990, p. 210). Human behavior takes place within a given space which has objects and people upon which the behavior is directed. The space and what it contains on the other hand influences the behavior of an individual. The space occupied and maintained by an individual’s behavior can in this respect be termed as the transactional space. The transactional space between two individuals influences their behavior. Experiment In the following experiment, a study was conducted to investigate the extent to which transactional space influences the behavior of individuals in college. The investigator walked through the college in different areas where different activities were being carried out. The exercise took three hours and findings were recorded. The experiment was conducted in the campus park because of the diversity of activity and human interactions that takes place in it. Methodology Since the study involved the study of behavior in face to face interaction, a major problem encountered was how to define the structural units in which the subjects were organized. In particular, it became difficult to delineate the distinct units of interaction with regard to the organization of observable behavior into their components for analysis. However, the observations were made randomly with neither of the subjects aware of the experiments. As such, the experimenter walked from one point to another, looking at the group formation and identifying individuals who did not have any company. The behavior which was recorded included eye focus, body movement and the degree of engagement in a particular action. In particular, the reaction of the subjects were observed whenever the experimenter approached an individual or a group of individuals. In all the instances, the experimenter did not engage the subjects in any form of conversation. Observations and results Behavior of individuals was varied depending on the activity and whether one was alone or in groups. Among the individuals who were alone, there seemed to be an absorption with either something that was going on around them or an absorption with an activity that they were involved with. They also seemed to react whenever an individual came within three meters of their transactional space. Of the notable behaviors, five out of six subjects looked directly at the individual who came within three meters of their transactional space. Among groups of individuals, there was a variation in behavior with regard to the number. In a group of two, the subjects engaged in conversation with momentous eye contact. Whenever one passed within a distance of three meters, they all turned and depending on the behavior or gender of the individual, some responded with either greeting the individual or looked briefly and continued with their conversation. The latter instance was rare with groups of three or more. Discussion A behavior setting is composed of one or more standing patterns of behavior. There are numerous patterns of behavior that have been recognized such as a molar unit or group activity. This is a bounded pattern in holistic human behavior. It is thus a discrete behavioral unit with coordinates which are univocal within space and time. As such, a standing pattern of behavior cannot be said to be a character of the subjects involved but rather, it is a phenomenon outside the individual with unique characteristics which remain whenever there is an alteration of the participants. One apparent thing among the subjects observed is that their behavior with regard to reacting to an individual coming within their transactional space is dependent among various factors which may not be open to the experimenter as human behavior is derived from both external and internal conditions. As such, every observable behavior exhibited by an individual has various roots even though behavior can be predicted to some extent. The first thing that the course has helped to understand in relation to drug and alcohol is the different terms that are used when counseling a person. This are the general terms that are used when counseling a patient. For example, it is not good to use terms like â€Å"you are wrong,† â€Å"you do not know† or â€Å"you are foolish.† The course has helped to learn the new terms that I will be using like, â€Å"instead of saying you are wrong,† you can say, â€Å"that is another good reason.† Additionally, it has helped us to learn the tone of language that is to be used. When counseling a patient, one should always be calm and always be positive about what the patient is feeling and thinking. It is also in this unit of general psychology that we have learnt how very different people behave in the different ways. This is where the course has taught me why different people behave as they do and why they end up drinking. Stress is one factor that makes people to end up becoming alcoholic or turning into drugs. Additionally, drug abuse and alcoholism has also been known to be hereditary from the resent research studies that have been done by the different scholars. It is through this course that we have learnt the very many reasons as to why people behave in different ways and why they take drugs or alcohol. I have learnt the different forms of therapy that are used in counseling in this course. This is where the introduction to therapy is done. One way of helping a drug or an alcohol addict to stop the addiction is through therapy. Therapy is the solving of personal problems of a person that occurs daily. In therapy, talking with a trained professional is the method that is usually used to solve the different problems. Therefore, this unit of general psychology is helping me gain that knowledge and become a professional therapist in treating the different problems that different drug and alcohol addicts have. It is also in this lesson of general psychology that I have learned the intelligence of the human thinking. In the growth graph, since the time somebody is born, the brain usually undergoes several stages intelligence. For example, when somebody is at the age of the teenage the brain starts to develop the ability to solve problems in reality. This means that the thinking capacity has grown and the person is able to think critically as compared to the person was young. Therefore, this lesson has helped me understand the different stages of intelligence in the human beings, making it easy for me when it comes to counseling the different people. Motivation is another very important factor in counseling especially in the counseling of drug abusers and alcoholics. It is in this class where the subject of motivation is introduced and taught in detail to prepare the students as they go ahead with the studies of psychology. I have learnt the different methods that are used in motivating the different drug and alcohol addicts. This is very important because when counseling people who are drug or alcohol addicts, the people need to be motivated so that they can be able to quit easily without the need of turning back. Therefore, this lesson of general psychology has taught me a greater lesson in motivation and how it should be applied in the field of practice. This class of general psychology has taught me a great number of different personalities that different people tend have. It is important to note that there is no way that two people can have the same personality. According to this chapter, it is because of how the different kinds of people have very different thoughts from one another. For this reason, the study of this lesson has been a very influential topic in my career as a counselor of drug addicts and alcoholics In addition, this class has opened up my mind on the different perceptions that I always had about drunkards. When I had started this class, I had the wrong impression/perception of how the drug addicts and alcoholics behave. I thought that this people, are people who are just lazy in life and they only abuse drugs as an excuse to their many problems. However, this class of general psychology has changed my perception about the different drug addicts and alcoholics and it has given me an open mind, which is required by counselors when it comes to helping others during therapy. Lastly, this lesson has been able to introduce some of the topics that are very useful in the study of counseling, and they are going to be learnt deeply in other classes especially at the level of specialization. Additionally, it is this unit, which has helped me realize that people are not always drug addicts or alcoholics because they want to be, but it is because of the different behaviors that they exhibit, which are affected by external factors like stress. These external factors can drive somebody crazy leading to drug abuse or alcohol abuse. Therefore, this subject has introduced me into the topic of human behavior in relation to drug abuse, alcoholism and how the following problems can be solved by the use of counseling.

The International Operations Of Mcdonalds Business Essay

The International Operations Of Mcdonalds Business Essay The macroeconomics factors are one of the most main structure outlooks for a exacting business. It has is own analysis system to make sure that every business is done according to what is planned and organized. In that case, there are many in macro environment that will affect the planning and decision of managers of any businesses. Changes of tax, new laws, trade obstacle changes in demographic, changes in government document are some example of macro change. Some of these examples of factors do help in controlling the beyond which control the business. The examples of business which are in leading of pestle control are McDonalds. QUESTION 1 MAIN BODY POLITICAL FACTORS: The international operations of McDonalds are dramatically influenced by the solo countries policies obligatory by the government. For information, there are some groups in the foreign countries that clamors for state actions regarding in health implication in eating fast food. They have discovered that there are harmful substances in the fast food which can lead to obesity if it is taken regularly. On the other side, the company is under control of the individual policies and regulations of the operations. The market focuses more on different areas which concerns on health, environment, and the protection of workers. All of these elements are seen under the government control of licensing the restaurant in respective states of the country. For information, there are an impending legal dispute in McDonalds franchise, in India, where certain encroachment of rights and violation of sacred laws pertaining to the inside of the fast food. Extension of meat in the menu meal in India is officially unpleasant against the religion. There are also other studies those points to the violation of McDonaldss branches with reference to the existing employment laws in the particular target market. Since it is apparent that the company is increasing dramatically, it is fair to be deal with the proper establishment in a respective approach in the market that they intend to operate with. In this way the company can afford a better way in set up, a better relationship with the government. ECONOMICAL FACTORS Organizations in the fast food industry are not excused from any disagreement and troubles. In exact, they have their own individual concerns in linking economic control. Branches and franchise of McDonalds have the inclination to experience hardship in instance where the company of the respective countries, are hit by inflation and changes in the exchange of the rate. The customer therefore are facing, with a stalemate, of going over their individual account perhaps or not they should use up more on these fast food chain like McDonalds. Moreover these chains may have many to put up with the issues of the effects based on the economic environment. In this case, their problems are depending on the response of the consumers, on these essentials how it could influence the general sale In regarding the operations of the company, McDonalds tend to import many of their raw materials, into a specific countrys territories if there is dearth of supplies. The exchanges of rate oscillate that plays a major roles in the operations of the company. For information, McDonalds stores have to take great deal in deliberation with reference to their microenvironment. The international supply for the country, as well as the existing rate is a part overall for the components where assurance success is needed for the foreign operations of McDonalds. Moreover, it is essential that the company be cognizant of the tax accessible condition needed by the individual government on which they operates. These actually guarantee that planned operations of the McDonalds franchise. In the same way, the company also has to declare the economic standing of the company that they operate. The rate at which the economy of that particular country determine growth, by purchasing power of the consumers in that country. Besides that, in case a franchise operates in certain economically weak country, their value of the products should be higher than the other developing products in the market, then these franchise should know some steps in maintaining the economic scale. In idea, before penetrates the market, the market should carry out a very well conduct market research, especially in movements of the economic environment. SOSIO -CULTURAL FACTORS Articles regarding the international strategies of McDonalds seem to function on several fields to guarantee profitable returns for the organization. To illustrates, the organization has improve in establish a positive mind-set from their regular consumer. McDonaldss indulge types of consumers with definite variety of characteristics. It is also has noted company have given market markets such as United States and India. McDonalds has launched a very sensible valued set of meal, which produces a reliable level of amount to the respective markets where it operates. Additionally, those who are aged just below thirty five are said to be more common consumers of McDonalds franchise. The multi character of business is reflected nowadays towards the tough significance of the details regarding the subject of the accessible markets. This method is fundamentally identified as a market research in the business field. Details regarding the request and possible fields of markets would double as obstacle towards the success of the company, if this area of operations abandoned. In the case of McDonalds they establish a proper plan system in determining the needs of the markets. The company uses the consumer behavior concepts in as a product personality and purchase plan to its advantage which is clearly apparent in case of India, as the company has planned in removing Pork and Meat products from the menu. McDonalds should obtain the applicable details from the target of markets in an additional to individuals customers of the organization. It is imperative that before a franchise is granted to a particular business, a well sketch and complete market research should be conducted initially so as to establish the acts that would confirm to good mores, public policies, and ethics of the said countrys society. Similarly, the company should find out the shifts, in areas example like the consumer behavior and purchasing formula of the markets. Basically, this is the key condition for perform a suitable customer relationship management organization. Moreover the company should also make a review learn more about the local society to understand better and produce more blueprint for a better product. TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS McDonalds produce order for their own products. There are similarly some claims that McDonalds are disposed to curiosity the younger populations more. Other revelation in marketing policy is perceptible in the commercials they use. Other advertising department has employed other person to subsidize for their company foodstuffs. The like has developed into endorsers for McDonalds wide-reaching I am loving it crusade Moreover the business McDonalds have appreciably infused with new machinery. Essentials like the account coordination and administration of the assessment sequence of company allows for easy payments for their purveyor and other retailer which the individual stores in particular markets to transaction with. The amalgamation of equipment in the procedure of McDonald does have a propensity to add charge to their goods. Basically, this is apparent in the enhancement on its value chain. The development of the supply system as well as its provide chain consent to the company to function in an worldwide perspective. McDonalds use internet to their pro. The rate-efficiency, interactivity and authentic time possessions of the statement are a high-quality way to find dealer. The corporation must also look into the utilize of IT to develop their supply function. As the process in its inbound and outbound look up company will expect important savings and decline of expenditure in the operations. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS The public tasks of McDonalds on the country are dominant to the process of the business. These grip indictment of environmental dent. Among the motive why they are stimulating which such assert is the employ non-biodegradable material for their drinks glasses and Styrofoam reserves for the food. Several municipal clusters in India have made procedures to make the McDonalds authorization in India of the relatively profuse use of Styrofoam containers and the consequential abuse of the environment. The company should find out the environmental command that rule the operations in every market. It should also observe the dissipate dumping of the corporation. McDonalds should reduce the usage of Styrofoam resources and synthetic cups. Unvarying update of the social corporate duty is very important. This should also require that the headquarters should take in hand, a approach of internal organize of those that would disobey upon this company goal. Sanctions such as annul of the franchise authorize or a particularly high fine should be establish to serve as prevention or a violation. LEGAL FACTORS There has been the persistent bellowing in disagreement to the fast food production. This has likewise made, McDonalds relate a more careful contemplation on their corporate common responsibilities. The status of McDonalds is actually a very enormous issue. Seen on the website of the company, it look as if that they have obtain tread to take in hand the key social criticize that they have been rebuke them in the long-ago decades. The company has offered their consumers the applicable data that they need with allusion to the dietary essence of their product. This is to focus to the advice of obesity charged aligned with the foodstuffs of the company. As a specialized fast food operator, there are many convention and dealings that McDonalds should go after. McDonalds should look after its reliability and consumer assurance by make sure all resources and procedure are as declare or must tag on. The company should appoint local guidance to deal with the permissible disagreement in individual markets on which the company may come across. This shall make sure the company that the lawyers that will grip their legal dealings are more versed with the legal management that would relieve out certain difficulty on their maneuver. QUESTION 1 CONCLUSION As we all know that the most major role of this cohort is the grouping of globalization and internationalization in the business subdivision. Developments in the global settings have an consequence on the more exacting factors in the process in individual association. Modification could take place and entail concentrated modification to the process such that it could have an unpleasant effect on the complete arrangement of the company. However, as categorize in the above PESTEL breakdown this could be obtain by setting a firm level of suppleness can basically be attain through the associate of both the interior and exterior environment of the corporation. QUESTION 2 INTRODUCTION Sole proprietorship and Partnerships are form of business. Both have their own roles and specialty in forming a business. The advantages and disadvantages are very important in concerning more on the business plannings. Before starting the business, every person who going to start the business should make a research regarding types of business they are going to make decision. So business planning is very important and has to be taken care by each businessman or businesswomen. QUESTION 2 MAIN BODY SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP Also known as Sole Trader. Is a type of business unit that is holds and run by one person and in which there is no official peculiarity between the holder and the trade The owner obtain all turnover (subject to taxes specific to the business) and has boundless liability for all fatalities and credit. Every property of the business is own by the administrator and same goes to all credit in the business. It is a sole proprietorship in similarity with partnerships. A sole proprietorship is a business owned and restricted by one man although he may have many other people functioning under him. A sole proprietorship may use a trade name or business name other than his or her official name. Examples of sole proprietorship business are plumbers, electricians, PC technicians, hairdressers and storekeeper. ADVANTAGES They have the capability to move up capital either widely or privately to bound the personal charge of the officers and manager, and to bound jeopardy to shareholder Sole proprietorships also have the least government official procedure moving it. Owners have complete organize over all the portion of his or her business and can take any administrative decisions that he or she wants to take. It is a simple set up function. DISADVANTAGES Elevate capital for a proprietorship is more tricky because an not linked backer has less peace of mind regarding the use and safety of his or her asset and the investment is more difficult to sanctify other sort of business unit have more citations. The venture may be crippled or refined if the owner becomes sick. Since the business is the same official entity as the proprietor, it causes to survive upon the proprietors decease. Because the enterprise rests entirely on the person, it often has trouble raising long-term possessions PARTNERSHIP Partnership is an unincorporated association which consists of 2-20 members. Partnership does not have a separate legal unit. All partners provide financial bear for the business and enjoy both profits and losses on agreed percentage, depends on the assistance of each individual in the partnership business. Partnerships have unlimited legal responsibility and each partner is jointly liable with the other members for any debt incurred by the business. The agreement between partnerships is usually drawn up by a lawyer (or a legal counsel) which details the contribution of each partner (in cash or in kind). ADVANTAGES No double duty of income or gain from sale of business assets. The assumption for ordinary and necessary expenses taken by partners personally to extent of other income, subject to basis limitation. Flexible portion of items of income and deductions. DISADVANTAGES Unconstrained charge of general partners, including acts done by other partners or employees in furtherance of partnerships business. There are deductions for health insurance same as sole proprietorship. Partnership union strongly suggest and essential if partners wish special allocations of income or assumption. CONCLUSION As a result, partnership is the better way to start up a business. A partnership is the relationships existing between more than two persons who involve on a trade or business. Partnership is something we can share profits and loss together from the production of the business. We can gain experience through starting business with partners, rather then alone. We will get to know more information about starting up a business and we can capable with what we can do with PARTNERSHIP management. In a concluding, starting a business with partner will be more helpful for every person. So, we must know the benefits and loss that we will get through PARTNERSHIP. REFERENCE

Attracting Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Africa

Attracting Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Africa The developing economies of Africa must on their part make deliberate and sustained efforts to attract the much needed inflows of foreign investments. To achieve this, the enabling economic, financial and political environment for such inflows must be created. An economy that is exposed to higher levels of political instability, economic uncertainties and financial risk will not be able to gain the confidence of investors. These risk factors if not well mitigated with a great degree of transparency and accountability could serve as barriers to both local and foreign investments. According to Banz and Clough (2002), the major reasons among many others for not investing in developing economies are the lack of transparency and poor governance policies. Therefore, Nigeria and other developing economies of Africa must work towards an environment that has a relatively reasonable economic risk, ensure political stability and demonstrate moderate financial risk to attract foreign capital inf lows especially in the form of equity investment. The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) markets to which Nigeria belong have of recent experienced some legal, regulatory and supervisory changes resulting into increased transparency in the operation of their markets. The liquidity of the markets have increased and operations also liberalized to attract more foreign investors. The Nigerian economy is the largest of the 15 member body and has a lot of political and economic influence over the other members. Conscious efforts have been made by the various member countries to partially open up their economies, through systematic privatization programs, overhauling of their legal and financial institutional infrastructures and use of modern trading platforms have resulted in real development of their markets and manage to attract some foreign direct investments (FDI) to them. Nigeria is currently the biggest economy in Africa after the recent rebasement of its GDP, thereby beating South Africa to the second place ((Magnowski, 2014). The petroleum sector accounts for roughly 80% of fiscal revenues and 90% of export earnings (World Fact book).The country is also one of the major exporters of petroleum, and plays a significant role in OPEC (OPEC Annual Statistical Bulletin 2013). To diversify its economy Nigeria is encouraging the growth of their private sector by offering some incentives to private sector equity investors who are willing to invest in the country. The country has an increasing GDP of $422.6bullion, $450.4billion and $502 billion for the years 2011, 2012 and 2013 respectively, and diminishing foreign debt stock of $15.73 billion and $13.4 billion for 2012 and 2013 respectively. There is also an increasing Foreign Direct Investment of $7.444 billionand $9.212 billion for 2012 and 2013 respectively (World Fact book: World Bank). The Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE) is the second largest exchange in Africa; it was established in 1960 to provide listing and trading services among others. Its activities are regulated by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) of the country. The value of publicly traded shares stood at $50.88 billion, $39.27 billion and $56.39 billion for 2011, 2012 and 2013 respectively. Despite all the above mentioned strong economic fundamentals or good indicators, Nigeria has been plagued by several daunting challenges, notable among them are the issues epileptic power supply, inadequate infrastructures, insecurity, endemic corruption, increasing rate of unemployment and its heavy reliance on petroleum products (Global edge, 2014; World fact book). These factors pose some uncertainties about the Nigerian economic and stock market outlook. Nevertheless, the Nigerian economy is still growing. Fortunately, the government is also conscious of some of these teething problems. Programs are initiated to diversify the economy in the areas of agriculture, power, telecommunication, transport and other services. These efforts seem to be yielding the desired results as evidenced in the country’s 6-8% per annum pre-rebasing growth rate. With these measures a seemingly conducive economic environment is created which could be exploited by investors. This therefore, presents reasonable economic risk. There is also institutionalized democracy leading to political stability in its own form in terms of the country’s ability to carry out declared programs. Nigeria is also able to finance its commercial and trade debt obligations and has at no time defaulted in payment of its external financial commitments; thus demonstrating relatively moderate financial risks. These indices send strong signals in terms of information content about Nigeria’s overall economic health to domestic, international investors and rating agencies among others. Therefore, it will be of interest to empirically explore how these factors (economic, financial and political risks) when taken together or separately can affect the country’s stock market performance and vice versa. Country risk ratings assess the probability of a country’s default on its debt from a variety of perspectives: from socio-economic condition to growth in the real gross domestic product (GDP), government stability to corruption, to exchange rate stability among others. The objective of this paper is to empirically investigate the short and long-run relationships between Nigeria’s country risk ratings; political, economic, and financial components and its stock market in order to provide further information for current and potential investors to enable them make better informed investment decisions. In our knowledge this is the first few studies of this nature conducted on an emerging economy like Nigeria. Our main instrument of investigation is the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach formulated by Pesaran and Pesaran (2009) and Pesaran et al. (2001), to empirically investigate the relationships. The ARDL method is adopted because of its econometrics techniques. One important advantage of the ARDL model over other traditional approaches is that it can be used in time-series data irrespective of their order of integration, whether I(0), I(1) and/or fractionally integrated (Pesaran and Pesaran, 2009). The ARDL approach can also test for cointegration by the bounds testing procedure and can estimate the short-run dynamics and long-run relationships. The rest of the paper is organized as follows; section two discusses related literature. Section three explains the methodology adopted in this paper. Section four presents the ARDL procedure and discusses its empirical findings. Conclusion and implications are given in section five. The globalization of trade and financial markets in the past years has created huge investment opportunities and its attendant risks. It has therefore, becomes inevitable to know the credit worthiness of participating players. The motive behind such an assessment of the economic and financial condition and sometimes political stability of a country is to be able to evaluate the country credit risks involved in doing business or investing in such a country. Any event in a country that will affect not only the prospect of profitability but also restrict the movement of capital in the form of profits, dividend etc is worth evaluating. The need for such critical evaluation of credit worthiness of countries has resulted in the establishment of several rating agencies such as Fitch, Moody’s and Standard Poor among many others. These risk ratings are considered as indicative of possible future default. A higher rating is seen as a lower risk of default, while a lower score indicates a higher risk of default. Though the primary significance of ratings is due to their impact on interest rates at which countries source for funds in the international financial markets, studies have also shown its influence on stock market movements. This argument is linked to the influence of country credit risk ratings on the inflows of Foreign Direct Investments (FDI), into the host’s economy, especially through equity shares investments. There is no scarcity of research papers on sovereign ratings and their critical roles for encouraging and facilitating investment flows especially in developed economies, but there is paucity of studies conducted on the impact of these ratings on movements of national stock markets, particularly for emerging markets such as Nigeria. Some of the early studies by Erb et al (1995, 1996a, 1996b) show that there is association or relationship between country credit risk (i.e. the risk of a country’s inability to service its external debts) and returns on equity investments. The existence of relationship between country credit ratings and stock market returns was confirmed in the early work of Erb et al. (1996a) using data that cut across boundaries. As a follow up to their earlier work, Erb et al. (1996b) investigated the influence of economic, financial and political risks on expected fixed income returns. They show that there is relation between the country risk measures and world bond market expected returns. For the ICRG economic variable, they find positive and significant signs in unhedged, local, and foreign exchange portfolio returns. They also show that the country risk attributes are significant to the real yields of fixed income securities. Kaminsky and Schmukler (2001) also examine the influence of sovereign ratings and outlook changes on the sensitivity of emerging financial markets. They find that these variables have substantial influence on both bond and stock markets. A domestic downgrade is associated with an average increase change rate of two percentage points in bond yield spreads and a decrease of one percentage point in stock returns. SubaÃ…Å ¸Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ ± (2008) expressed a contrary view, stating that in most cases news of a downgrade is often anticipate earlier before its announcement; therefore the potential negative effect of such information on stocks and exchange rate returns is diluted. The impacts of rating changes on both bond yield and sovereign debt have been tested severally by many authors. Reisen and Maltzan (1999) using the three main rating agencies, find that there is mutual interdependencies among rating changes and changes in bond yield spread. The study by Cantor and Packer (1996) also reported similar findings. Among several authors that have provided valuable insight into the influence of rating changes on sovereign debt and corporate securities are Hand et al. (1992) and Richards and Deddouche (1999). The degrees of sensitivity in all these studies tend to vary probably because of the methods used for the country risk analysis. Hammoudey et al. (2011) using emerging economies; Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (commonly referred to as the BRICS countries) establish various degrees of sensitivities of these countries’ stock markets to their respective country risk ratings. China is most sensitive to all the risk variables, followed by Russia, while all the BRICS countries show moderate economic risk sensitivity. The spillover effect of sovereign debt rating changes on national stock markets and international debts is also confirmed by various authors, among them are Ferreira and Gama 2007; Li et al 2008. This situation is common among countries that share common economic features and unrestricted Evidence of flow of information. Common border also suspected to play a significant role. Regional stock market movements are also influenced by country credit risk rating news. This development is consistent with the study by Christopher et al. (2008), stating that there is a positive relationship between the two factors. While Brooks et al. (2004) in their study, though under a different setting did not find any sensitive association among the two variables. Turkey’s stock market index also seems to have association with its economic, financial and political risk ratings. Using Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model, Sari et al. (2013) established a steady long-run relationship among the stock market and some of the risk variables. There are many leading commercial publishers of country and political risk analysis, but data for this study is sourced from the International Country Risk Guide (ICRG) economic, financial and political risk ratings for Nigeria covering the period 2001 to 2013. The ICRG rating system is made up of 22 variables representing three major components of country risk, namely economic, financial and political. These variables essentially represent risk-free measures. There are 5 variables representing each of the economic and financial components of risk, while the political component is based on 12 variables (Hoti, 2003). The specified allowable range for each factor reflects the weight attributed to each factor. A higher score indicates a lower risk and vice versa. The stock market returns variable is obtained by taking the first logarithm difference of the monthly stock of the Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE) for the period earlier specified.s

Online Education Versus Traditional Education Essay -- Education and t

With high speed internet available to potential students of all economic levels, schools are opting to implement online classes into their traditional teaching curriculum. As a result, our society is divided in two different ways of thinking on the education. Some believe the modern method is better than the traditional method of teaching. Personally, I believe both methods should balance one another instead of attempting to substitute one another; this way their purpose of educating will be far more successful. Online education, also called long distant learning, can be defined as a new method of learning through a computer network. This modern way of teaching gives students an opportunity to take classes online. Bill Gates recently predicted that in five years most colleges will be providing online education. â€Å"The self-motivated learner will be on the Web,† Mr. Gates said, speaking at the Techonomy conference in Lake Tahoe. â€Å"College needs to be less place-based.†(Steve) Online courses allow students to access course content, including reading lists and library materials, at any time. This flexibility of online courses is primarily important for students who have young children, who are caring for ailing or elderly family members, who have full-time jobs, or who live too far from campus. Flexible hours are also beneficial because it allow students to work at their own speed; taking courses either part time or on an accelerated schedule. According to the article in t he New York Times, titled â€Å"Study Finds That Online Education Beats Classroom,† the SRI International for the Department of Education, conducted a research on online versus traditional classroom teaching from 1996 to 2008. Most of the studies were conducted in co... ...ies to pull up all of those related bits of data from their multiple storage areas in response to a single cue. This cross-referencing of data means we have learned, rather than just memorized.† However, it is important to accentuate that learning highly depends on the students’ motivation to learn. So it still comes down to the effort that the students put into their education that ultimately decides how beneficial the overall experience was to their future career. Works Cited Willis, J. (2008). Brain-based teaching strategies for improving students' memory, learning, and test-taking success (Review of Research). Childhood Education, 83(5), 31-316. Lohr, Steve. "Study Finds That Online Education Beats the Classroom"." New York Times (2014). Web. 16 Mar 2015. Lohr, Steve. "Second Thoughts on Online Education." New York Times (2013). Web. 06 Mar 2015.

Philosophy of Education :: Philosophy of Education Teaching Essays

Philosophy of Education Educating children profoundly affects their lives and influences the life of anyone who comes into contact with those children. Education provides a foundation for a child to base the rest of his or her life on. Without a solid education, it becomes impossible for an individual to provide for themselves and their family. Also, well-educated people can make decisions that benefit both their own interests and the interests of society as a whole. In this paper, I will address my personal opinions and philosophy about education. First, I will address the nature of the student. Next, I will examine the nature of knowledge, followed by the purpose of public education, and method. Finally, my paper will conclude with a discussion of the curriculum areas that are most important in elementary school. Additionally, I will relate my views to pragmatism and progressivism, and to Plato?s teaching, three valuable theories regarding education. No two students are exactly alike. Nevertheless, they do share one fundamental characteristic -- every student has the ability to learn. The ancient Greek philosopher Plato believed that a student?s learning ability is determined entirely by genetics. According to Plato, people are either golds, silvers, or bronzes. The golds are the smartest and the bronzes are the slower learners. I don?t really agree with this philosophy. Yes, some children are naturally intelligent and others are not. But natural ability is not the only factor to consider. Students differ on their level of motivation regarding learning. Some students will settle for a ?C? while others push themselves to get an ?A.? Others are perfectly happy with failing grades. Motivation, or lack of it, can be blamed on one of two causes: environment and genetics. Some feel that a child?s desire to learn is most influenced by their home environment. Genes have also been blamed for a child?s longing to l earn. I feel that both factors play a role in how a child approaches education. In a home where education is strongly emphasized, a child is probably going to want to learn. However, this is not always true.

Sample Tort Yr1 Exam

THIS IS NOT THE EXAM!!!!!! | | |BA HONS IN LAW | |EXAMINATION: | |TORT LAW 1 | |YEAR 1 | Time/Date: | | |Venue: | | |Sem 1 20** |DURATION: 2 HOURS | |Internal Examiner: |ELLIOTT PAYNE, M. A, LLB, SOLICITOR | |External Examiner: | |Instructions To Candidates | | | | | |ANSWER FOUR QUESTIONS. | | | |ALL QUESTIONS CARRY EQUAL MARKS. | | | |USE CASE LAW AND STATUTORY AUTHORITY TO SUPPORT YOUR ANSWERS. | | WATERFORD INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY THIS IS NOT THE EXAM!!!!!! USE CASE LAW AND STATUTORY AUTHORITY TO SUPPORT YOUR ANSWERS Q1 Paul suspects that his wife Sharon is having an affair with his next-door neighbour Carl. One day after a very stressful day at work, Paul sees Carl returning home and pounds his fists and shouts out â€Å"say your prayers Carl, because I am going to stab you†. Sharon overhears the shouts and tells Paul that she is moving in with her sister.Paul has now had enough. He proceeds to kick down Carl’s door, grabs Carl by the hair and forces him int o an upstairs bedroom. Paul locks the door and tells Carl that if he wants to leave, he can climb out of the window and jump. Identify and explain whether Paul has committed any tortious acts? Identify and explain using legal definitions and cases whether Paul has committed any tortious acts? (TOTAL 25 MARKS) Q2 Write a brief note on FIVE of the following: a) Scienter liability for animals; ) The differences between the torts of conversion and detinue; c) The facts and decision reached in the Cambridge Water Co. Eastern Counties Leather plc case; d) The tort of emotional distress e) Novus Actus Interveniens; f) Causation explaining BOTH the legal and factual causation tests; g) The differences between tort law and contract law; h) Actionable per se – listing 2 different torts that are actionable per se. (5X5 MARKS) (TOTAL 25 MARKS) Q3 a) Explain using case law what is the definition of a â€Å"producer† under the Act. (5 MARKS) ) What limits are placed on the damage th at can be claimed under the Act? (5 MARKS) c) Explain using case law the meaning of the term â€Å"defective†. (9 MARKS) d) Briefly explain those defences that could be raised by a potential defendant. (4 MARKS) (e)What are the time limits for submitting a claim? (2 MARKS) (TOTAL 25 MARKS) THIS IS NOT THE EXAM!!!!!! USE CASE LAW AND STATUTORY AUTHORITY TO SUPPORT YOUR ANSWERS Q4 What is vicarious liability and explain in detail the standard of care owed by employers to their employees. 25 MARKS) Q5 Rob has 2,000 acres of trees on his land, which supplies the nearby Cider manufacturer â€Å"Magbul†. Following the heaviest rainfall in living memory combined with two days of electrical storms, Rob’s land has been severely affected. As a result of the rainfall and electrical storms, at least 20 of his tress have been uprooted and have rolled down Rob’s land causing significant disruption on the way. Some of the trees rolled westerly and have completely destr oyed the garage and cattle shed of one of his neighbour’s (Sally) land.Some tress rolled easterly and knocked huge holes in another neighbour’s (Karen) land. Rob has heard that Karen and Sally are going to sue him under the Rylands and Fletcher rule. Explain to Rob: – the facts of the Rylands v Fletcher case; – what the rule is; – the elements that make up the rule; – whether the Rylands and Fletcher rule may apply in this case; AND regardless of whether the Rule applies or not, whether Rob has any defences on which he could rely. Q6 EITHER Using caselaw where appropriate, write a detailed note on the tort of passing off.Your note must address the following issues: – the definition of passing off; – the elements required for a successful passing off claim; and – the use of injunctions in passing off claims. (TOTAL 25 MARKS) OR a) What is the legal definition of trespass to land? (3 MARKS) (b)Explain using case law the di fferent forms which trespass to land can take. (14 MARKS) (c)Explain the Judge Brian Curtin case study. (3 MARKS) (d)Explain the defences of lawful authority and jus tertii to a trespass to land case. (5 MARKS) (TOTAL 25 MARKS)